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The photosynthesis process is a unique process which allows plants to produce energy. It is the only process on earth that converts light energy into chemical energy. The process all begins when a photon of light, of the appropriate wavelength, hits the chlorophyll molecule. The chlorophyll molecule absorbs the energy from the photon, but loses one electron in the process. The oxidized chlorophyll must now replace the lost electron. The accessory protein, located in the thylakoid membrane grabs an electron from a nearby water molecule. As a result, the water molecule becomes unstable and falls apart. During this stage, photolysis takes place and oxygen is given off. The oxygen proceeds to leave the thylakoid space and the electron is passed to the cytochrome. The cytochrome then pumps protons from the stroma across the thylakoid memberane. There is now a constant supply of protons from photolysis and the excited cytochromes. In addition, there is also a constant supply of water molecules due to the aqueous environment in the thylakoid space. Due to the buildup of protons in the thylakoid space, a chemiosmotic gradient is created. When the thylakoid space reaches a pH of 5, the protein complex ATP synthase opens up a little tube. Protons from the thylakoid space rush through the tube and carry with them enormous energy, similar to how dams provide energy using water. The energy carried by the protons phosphorylates ADP into ATP. By Emily Schadt, Luke Mulkern, Jonah Lundberg and Ryan Robertson

Performed by Dimitri Kouri. Written by Dimitri Kouri, Jonathan Zielske, Matt Richter, Yigit Ozyol, Max Chodorow In our lab we learned about how light energy is transformed into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is made up of two parts. The first part is a reaction that requires sunlight, while the reaction in the second part is completely light-independent. Our video is a song that summarizes the 11 steps of the light-dependent reaction. First, a photon of light of the appropriate wavelength hits the chlorophyll molecule. The chlorophyll molecule then absorbs the energy of the proton and loses one electron. This is known as oxidation. Once the chlorophyll molecule is oxidized, it needs to replace an electron. The accessory protein grabs an electron from a nearby water molecule, causing the water molecule to become unstable and fall apart. This breakdown is known as photolysis. Oxygen is released, and the electron that was lost from the chlorophyll is passed along to the cytochrome molecule. The excited cytochrome pumps protons from the stroma across the thylakoid membrane. The protons build up in the thylakoid space, causing it to become more acidic than the stroma. This imbalance causes the formation of the chemiosmotic gradient. When the thylakoid space reaches a pH level of 5, the protein complex (ATP synthase) opens up a tube that transports protons out of the thylakoid space, producing a large amount of energy. Lyrics: If you want to get energy from light Sam Hammer has an answer to your plight So dont you worry, dont give yourself no stress Ill explain the steps of photosynthesis The chloroplast is where the whole thing takes place First well start inside the Thylakoid space What happens next I happen to find really cool A photon of light hits a chlorophyll molecule The chlorophyll absorbs the photons energy Thats step 2, now were moving to step 3 One election from the molecule falls out of orbit And this is oxidation Woah, more like Rocksidation Once the molecule has been oxidized Something awesome happens right before our eyes The accessory protein grabs the electron From a nearby water molecule But it becomes unstable And it falls apart! This is called photolysis The oxygen goes out the electron that was lost from the chlorophyll is passed along to the cytochrome the excited cytochrome pumps the protons from the Stroma across the thylakoid membrane And the proteins build up in the Thylakoid space! Theyre gonna take over the human race! These plants! Theyre so efficient Thats the chemiosimatic gradient by the way Once the Ph of the Thylakoid is 5 Something happens that makes these plants alive A tube opens in the ATP synthase And now were ready for the next phase Lots of protons from the thylakoid space Shoot through the tube like theyre tryin to win a race They carry energy that phosphorolates ADP Into Adenoisine Triphosphate And thats everything that you need to know This song corresponds with lab 8 or so I hope this helped your confidence in science grow Woah Woah Woah

Photosynthesis is the only process that converts light energy into chemical energy. The light dependent reaction, which is the concentration of this video, occurs in the chloroplasts of a leaf. This reaction is initiated by a photon of light, and goes through several steps such as: photolysis of water, excitement of the cytochrome, and pumping of protons from the stroma into the thylakoid space. In result of the previous steps, protons start to accumulate in the thylakoid space making its pH acidic. In fact when the ATP synthase senses the pH of 5, a small tube opens in the complex protein structure, and passive transport of protons from the thylakoid membrane out to the stroma occurs. These protons move through the ATP synthase at a high speed carrying with them an enormous amount of energy, it is this energy that is used to create molecules of ATP through the process of photophosphorylation.

Where does the air we breathe come from? It is actually a very complicated process that produces the oxygen we so often take for granted. It begins with a plant, specifically the leaves of a plant. Photosynthesis takes place within the leaves of the plant. Photosynthesis takes place inside an organelle called the chloroplast. Within the chloroplast there are thylakoids. Each thylakoid completes the process of photosynthesis across its membrane. It is the unique process that the thylakoid membrane's integral proteins perform that produces oxygen. There are two different kinds of photosynthesis: light-dependent and light-independent. The light-dependent reaction produces energy. The light-independent reaction produces glucose. During the light dependent reaction something called photolysis or photodissociation occurs. This means that a water molecule has fallen apart. This sends free oxygen into the air for all breathing creatures to enjoy.

Mr. Durand singing the photosynthesis song! Here are the lyrics a bunch of you guys requested: I need a little light So I can store energy I need a little light So I can make ATP I need a little light Im gonna make some food Its outta sight And I need a little light Been sittin here in this chloroplast, feeling green the whole day through Yeah, Im a little thylakoid, waitin for something to do Im gonna move some electrons through a chain Thats gonna pump some hydrogen in But its been dark all night and you can see the state Im in CHORUS When the electrons leave the chain theyre gonna join NADP (plus) And that high conconcentration of hydrogens gonna want outside of me Gonna go through a special protein thats gonna kick some ATP out Thats what movin these electrons is really all about CHORUS The ATP and NADPH are gonna make a cycle go round At the end of the calvin cycle glucose can be found You gotta put in 6 pieces of CO2 to make that precious food And use up the products of the thylakoid, darn this systems good CHORUS The chlorophyl that lost the electrons is gonna have to get some more So an enzymes gonna break apart water (using 6 no less no more) Its gonna produce 6 molecules of fresh O2, though the plant just thinks its waste Its amazing to think that this photosynthesis is happening all over the place

Photosynthesis is a very complex process; therefore, our group has decided to explain photosynthesis by decorating a cake, which represents the chloroplast, and using candy on the cake, which represents the parts within the chloroplast. To show the entire process from start to finish we have put together a food show that outlines each step of photosynthesis. The twizzler that separates the two halves of the cake represent the Thylakoid Membrane. The two halves represent the Thylakoid space and the Stroma. The three circular gummies located on the twizzler represent the accessory protein, the cytochrome, and the site where ATP synthase takes place. On top of the accessory protein we have placed three green dots using icing that signifies the chlorophyll. Two marshmallows and a gummies make up the water molecule that will undergo photolysis, and the tiny raisins placed on the water molecule and the accessory proteins epitomize the electrons that are released during photosynthesis. We begin by explain photosynthesis by turning on a lamp that acts as the sun hitting the chlorophyll and absorbing the suns energy. We then take away one of the raisins from the accessory protein to display how an electron is released out of the orbit due to the photon absorbing the light. The oxidized chlorophyll molecule replaces the lost electron with an electron, or raisin, from the water molecule. This results in the water molecule to break apart which is called photolysis. We show how the oxygen is given off from photolysis, and the lost electron gets passed along to the cytochrome, by moving the raisin onto the gummie that symbolizes the cytochrome. We moved marshmallows that symbolized protons across the Thylaokid Membrane to the bottom half of the cake, which is the Thylakoid Space. We added many more marshmallows to represent the chemiosmotic gradient, and then we made a tube with the gummies that represented the site of ATP synthase. We moved the marshmallows up this tube and put the rest of the marshmallows at the top of the cake to symbolize the transfer to the Stroma, and the ultimate creation of ATP, chemical energy!

Photosynthesis takes the human/animal waste product carbon-dioxide (CO2) and in the presence of light and water creates the things we need for cellular respiration, oxygen and glucose. See the following links: Cellular Respiration - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqSnts1C_0g Calvin Cycle - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp-4vo6Ch8 Light and Pigments - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUUsKXR27rs The initial stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reactions, which convert light -solar energy- into chemical (potential) energy. The light dependent reactions specifically produce oxygen gas and convert ADP into ATP and NADP+ into NADPH. Organisms form the kingdom Plantae usually use noncyclic(do not reCYCLE same electrons) photophosphorylation, a two-stage process involving two different chlorophyll photosystems. First, light strikes a plant, specifically a cell. This cell has an organelle(s) called a chloroplast that gives photosynthetic cells their characteristic green color. Chloroplasts have structures called stroma. Stroma are full of hollow disks (similar to a whoopie cushion) called thylakoids arranged in stacks call grana. There are membrane proteins implanted into the surface of the thylakoid called photosystem II and photosystem I that have a pigment called chlorophyll located on the top of these proteins.***Photo System I comes second, but was discovered first and Photo System II was found second and named for that reason even though it comes first.*** Light particles, called photons, strike the electrons located in the chlorophyll of photo system II, Now in an excited state, they travel along the thylakoid membrane to photo system I where they are re-excited by photons again moving them to the acceptor molecule NADP+. The flow of electrons through the membrane proteins creates a concentration gradient, also known as proton motive force, which drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis (see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Btl0ltsw4m0). The electrons originally lost in Photo System II must be replaced. A water molecule is broken down into 2H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e- by a process called photolysis (or light-splitting). The two electrons from the water molecule replenish electrons lost in photosystem II's chlorophyll. Meanwhile the 2H+ and 1/2O2 are left out for further use. The photosystem II complex replaced its lost electrons from an external source, however, the two other electrons are not returned to photosystem II as they are in the analogous cyclic pathway(prokaryotes like cyanobacteria). The highly excited electrons are transferred to the acceptor molecule, but this time are passed on to an enzyme called Ferredoxin- NADP reductase(NADP+ reductase), for short FNR, which uses them to catalyze the following reaction (as shown): NADP+ + 2H+ + 2e- → NADPH + H+ This consumes the H+ ions produced by the splitting of water, leading to a net production of 1/2O2, ATP, and NADPH+H+ with the consumption of the light(photons) and water. Next are the dark reactions(not light dependant)... The Calvin Cycle - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp-4vo6Ch8

This music video teaches the overall reactions of photosynthesis, with a particular focus on the light reactions. The level is freshman or AP Biology. While still a work in progress (produced without access to a video camera!), I decided to publish this to help students review for the AP Biology exam. Lyrics can be purchased. Please email me at photosynthesismovie@gmail.com

Music by Ben Hammer. This animation is a very simplified description of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, a unique biological process in which light energy (sunlight) is converted to chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate). The light-independent reaction takes place in all eukaryotic photoautotrophs (plants, algae, etc.). The process shown here occurs in less than a trillionth of a second, constantly (when light is available) and in great abundance (many many chloroplasts, many thylakoid membranes, and many chlorophyll molecules, etc.) in every photosynthetic cell. I was taught this process in graduate school at San Francisco State University and I have taught it in this simplified version for almost 15 years to my students at Boston University. After all this time, some of my students have begun to produce their own versions of this process, and I hope they will show up on YouTube soon!

A podcast that covers an overview of photosynthesis

In our video we demonstrate the light dependent process of photosynthesis with the help of delicious candy! We chose this topic because we found the steps of photosynthesis rather complicated and figured that centering our project around them would help us better understand the process. Additionally, we were drawn to this topic because photosynthesis is the only process on earth that converts light energy into chemical energy! To start, a photon of light of the appropriate wavelength hits the chloroplast molecule. Then, chlorophyll molecule absorbs the energy from the photon. Next, one electron from the chlorophyll molecule goes out of orbit. At this point, the chlorophyll molecule has been oxidized (meaning it has lost an electron) and the accessory protein grabs an electron from a nearby water molecule to replace the lost electron. Now that the water molecule has lost an electron, it becomes unstable and falls apart. Photoloysis, the process where photosynthesis gives off water ensues. Oxygen goes out and the electron the water molecule lost is passed to the cytochrome. The excited cytochrome pumps protons from the stroma across the thylakoid membrane. The protons build up in the thylakoid space and form a chemiosmotic gradient. Once the thylakoid space reaches a pH of 5, the protein complex ATP synthase opens up a little tube that the protons rush through while they carry enormous amounts of energy. Energy carried by escaping protons phosphorolates ADP to produce ATP. Using candy made the process of photosynthesis a treat to learn about!

This is a primer on how sun light (solar energy) becomes potential energy that plants use for life functions. More description to come soon...check back in a couple days. See the following links: Cellular Respiration - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqSnts1C_0g Calvin Cycle - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp-4vo6Ch8

Whitney and Ryan's biology project...Rap to Yeah by Usher Lyrics: Pho- pho- pho- pho-to Synthesis Pho- pho- pho- pho-to Synthesis Up in the chloroplasts tryin'a make a little ATP but it's down on the low key, Cuz you know how it is. You see I needed some photons only a length of 680, cuz that's all I absorb. Cuz of absorption spectrum. A wavelength of 680 It made the z protein ready to go (watch out, oh, watch out) It splits up water you know. H2O splits to give us oxygen to breathe, and two electrons Along with two hydrogen's. (Pho-to)--Photo system 1 accepts the sunlight (Pho-to)--Photo system 2 makes the ATP. (Pho-to)--Calvin cycle makes the sugar finally. (Synthesis)--That's how photosynthesis is done in c3's Pho- pho- pho- pho-to Synthesis Pho- pho- pho- pho-to Synthesis O2 diffuses through the thylakoids; the electrons get excited for ETC Electron transport chain Enzymes use energy from electrons; pass them along make a concentration gradient forms ATP Electrons go to photo system 2 with a new wavelength Yo! Length of 700 makes the electrons excited again, fo Ferrodoxin homes Takes them in with NAD+ and ADP + Pi Makes ATP and NADPH (Pho-to)--Photo system 1 happens in the grana (Pho-to)--Right near the openings called the stomata (Pho-to)--The whole thing is a redox reaction nana (Synthesis)--And a protein pump helps make ATP Calvin! Watch out! My process is ridiculous, in the stroma endin' photosynthesis. And rowl! CO2 is on the prowl. If it enters me, Imma make PGAL. Forget about that, Imma make glucose, I can't do this less I got that rubisco...DING! So gimmie ATP and NADPH...Imma put em together to make oxceloacetate. But I left out carbon fixation, where we take carbon molecules and make them big. How you like me now, when the pigments of the thylakoids accept the light. Carotenoids, they help you see while chlorophyll has forms a and b. The light we need comes from the electric magnetic spectrum makes light reactions click. (Pho-to)--Photo system 1 accepts the sunlight (Pho-to)--Photo system 2 is what makes ATP. (Pho-to)--Calvin cycle makes the sugar finally. (Synthesis)--That's how photosynthesis is done in c3's Take that, rewind it back, ADP plus an inorganic phosphate go back. Take that rewind it back, NADP+ goes all the way back. Take that rewind it ADP, plus an inorganic phosphate go back. Take that rewind it back, NADP+ goes all the way back.

Photosynthetic Philosophy Now this is a song like a story tale/ Of a process in most plant cells// Thylakoids absorb light energy/ Move electrons down the ETC/ Oxidizing with NADP/ And producing ATP/ Calvin Cycle can make G3P/ But this process is not free// Light and Dark/ Reactionsssss/ Its photosynthesis, photosynthesis// Light and Dark/ Reactionsssss/ Its photosynthesis, photosynthesis// Cus' I want that glucose/ Not that beta ringed cellulose/ Cus' I want that glucose/ Not another ketose// Calvin Cycle has 3 phases of fun/ Fixation, Reduction, Regenerationnnn// It uses three C-O-two/ Sending it in a loop// Fixating the Carbon to Rubsico/ Straight from San Francsico// One cycle uses 9 ATP/ And regenerates 6 NADP// Light and Dark/ Reactionsssss/ Its photosynthesis, photosynthesis// Light and Dark/ Reactionsssss/ Its photosynthesis, photosynthesis// Cus' I want that glucose/ Not that beta ringed cellulose/ Cus' I want that glucose/ Not another ketose// ****Video is for entertainment purposes only. All credits go to their rightful owners, GOOD Music, Kanye West, The producers, etc.****

"Plant Biology" - Here's the final music video for our A2 Biology presentation. We went through some hiccoughs actually producing it - video quality is TERRIBLE because the footage wasn't transferred to disc in high enough quality and the audio is poor because the recording equipment died on us. To the music of Girls Aloud - Biology, our very own version related to Plant Biology. I think it worked out pretty well. Below are the complete lyrics, Enjoy! ------------------- Within plant cells there are some organelles; including chloroplasts They have double membranes, stroma and thylakoids, which we learnt in class Within plant cells there are some organelles; including chloroplasts They have double membranes, stroma and thylakoids, which we learnt in class A plant has an amazing power To make food for itself 'Cause in the palisade meso- phyll cell, there are organelles. The most important one's the chloroplast Which contains all that we need Like the stacks of thylakoids Which contain the chlorophyll And so They're aligned in a stack Called a granum and that is why the plural is the grana And this is the site Of the reaction dependent on light In this part of the process Yet within the chloroplast, there's one more thing that's last where chemical reactions take place There's a mix of enzymes, water and lipids at times all contained in the stroma Stroma (stroma) [Repeat x4] Water splits up, and oxygen goes away This is photolysis Oxygen does not want to stay Baby, the other H+ They help on the way They reduce NADP to NADPH all day You can't mistake plant biology Put in some light Electrons excite Water splits in a fight The magic formula's in front of me ADP + Phosphate Go on a date ATP awaits To go on the path of the LIR And so in the end The products make friends Their journey extends They're heading to the stroma Where they'll be used and they'll be bruised It'll leave you confused Within plant cells there are some organelles; including chloroplasts They have double membranes, stroma and thylakoids, which we learnt in class Within plant cells there are some organelles; including chloroplasts They have double membranes, stroma and thylakoids, which we learnt in class You can't mistake plant biology Put in some light Electrons excite Water splits in a fight The magic formula's in front of me ADP + Phosphate Go on a date ATP awaits To go on the path of the LIR And so in the end The products make friends Their journey extends They're heading to the stroma Where they'll be used and they'll be bruised It'll leave you confused You can't mistake plant Biology!

Photosynthesis Music Vid